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Grennan bases his evaluation of arguments on two criteria: logical adequacy and pragmatic adequacy. He asserts that the common formal logic systems, while logically sound, are not very useful for evaluating everyday inferences, which are almost all deductively invalid as stated. Turning to informal logic, he points out that while more recent informal logic and critical thinking texts are superior in that their authors recognize the need to evaluate everyday arguments inductively, they typically cover only inductive fallacies, ignoring the inductively sound patterns frequently used in successful persuasion. To redress these problems, Grennan introduces a variety of additional inductive patterns. Concluding that informal logic texts do not encourage precision in evaluating arguments, Grennan proposes a new argument evaluation procedure that expresses judgments of inferential strength in terms of probabilities. Based on theories of Stephen Toulmin, Roderick Chisholm, and John Pollock, his proposed system allows for a more precise judgment of the persuasive force of arguments.

Logic. --- Reasoning. --- Argumentation --- Deduction (Logic) --- Deductive logic --- Dialectic (Logic) --- Logic, Deductive --- Intellect --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Science --- Reasoning --- Thought and thinking --- Ratiocination --- Reason --- Judgment (Logic) --- Logic --- Methodology --- Logique.

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'IQ in Question' challenges many widely-held beliefs about intelligence that have influenced contemporary society, and shows how these and other claims have very damaging social consequences.

Intellect. --- Intelligence levels. --- Intelligence tests. --- Intelligence --- Niveau intellectuel --- Tests --- Intellect --- Intelligence levels --- Intelligence tests --- Social Sciences --- Psychology --- Intelligence quotient --- IQ (Intelligence quotient) --- Human intelligence --- Mind --- Intelligence testing --- IQ tests --- Mental tests --- Testing --- Psychological tests --- Educational psychology --- Ability --- Thought and thinking

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The Handbook of Academic Learning provides a comprehensive resource for educational and cognitive psychologists, as well as educators themselves, on the mechanisms and processes of academic learning. Beginning with general themes that cross subject and age level, the book discusses what motivates students to learn and how knowledge can be made personal for better learning and remembering. Individual chapters identify proven effective teaching methods for the specific domains of math, reading, writing, science, and critical problem solving, how students learn within those domains, and ho

Constructivism (Education) --- Learning, Psychology of. --- Learning --- Psychology of learning --- Cognitive-developmental theory --- Constructionism (Education) --- Constructivist education --- Piagetian theory of cognitive development --- Psychological aspects --- Educational psychology --- Comprehension --- Learning ability --- Education --- Learning, Psychology of --- Thought and thinking --- Study and teaching

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truggle for existence, survival of the fittest ... It has long been believed that the use for political and social purposes of the theories of Charles Darwin was a specialty of the Anglo-Saxon countries only. Contrary to this generally accepted idea, the author maintains that a real Darwinian culture developed in France in the last century, far beyond the inner circle of scientists, and often against their will. For the attention to mediators of a scientific culture, this book shows how in his philosophical debates, religious and political, the France of the long nineteenth ecentury first expressed its fascination and then its reluctance for the new evolutionary ideas of Charles Darwin. The in-depth study of the phenomena of circulation, rooting or rejection of a scientific ideology ultimately sheds a singular light on the resistance of French scientists to Darwinian theories, resistance which made them fall far behind in the field of evolutionary biology.

Social Darwinism --- -Darwinism, Social --- -Social Darwinism --- Darwinism, Social --- Competition --- Social change --- Social conflict --- Social evolution --- Darwinisme social --- France --- History --- 18th-19th centuries --- Darwinism. --- Ideology. --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Philosophy --- Political science --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Social Darwinism - France --- darwinisme social --- racisme --- Troisième République --- eugénisme

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Cognitive psychology --- Affective and dynamic functions --- Perception --- Schemas (Psychology) --- Gestalt psychology --- Gestalt Theory --- Psychology --- Mental Processes --- Behavioral Sciences --- Psychological Theory --- Behavioral Disciplines and Activities --- Psychological Phenomena and Processes --- Psychiatry and Psychology --- Social Sciences --- Psychologic Processes and Principles --- Psychologic Theory --- Psychological Theories --- Theories, Psychological --- Theory, Psychological --- Psychologic Theories --- Theories, Psychologic --- Theory, Psychologic --- Proxemics --- Behavioral Science --- Proxemic --- Science, Behavioral --- Sciences, Behavioral --- Human Information Processing --- Information Processing, Human --- Factors, Psychological --- Psychological Factors --- Psychological Side Effects --- Psychologists --- Psychosocial Factors --- Side Effects, Psychological --- Factor, Psychological --- Factor, Psychosocial --- Factors, Psychosocial --- Psychological Factor --- Psychological Side Effect --- Psychologist --- Psychosocial Factor --- Side Effect, Psychological --- Perceptions --- Gestalt Theories --- Theories, Gestalt --- Theory, Gestalt --- Configuration (Psychology) --- Form psychology --- Psychology, Structural --- Structural psychology --- Psychological schemas --- Schemata (Cognition) --- Schemata (Psychology) --- Scripts (Psychology) --- Supraliminal perception --- Psychologic Processes --- Psychological Processes --- Phenomena, Psychological --- Processes, Psychologic --- Processes, Psychological --- Psychological Phenomenas --- Psychological Processe --- Sensation --- Consciousness --- Ejection (Psychology) --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Senses and sensation --- Cognition --- Apperception --- Thought and thinking --- Perception. --- Gestalt psychology. --- Mental models --- Models, Mental